![](https://renal.platohealth.ai/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/spot-urinary-sodium-in-ckd-patients-correlation-with-24h-excretion-and-evaluation-of-commonly-used-prediction-equations-bmc-nephrology.png)
Koomans HA, Roos JC, Boer P, Geyskes GG, Mees EJ. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in chronic renal failure. Evidence for renal control of body fluid distribution in man. Hypertension. 1982;4(2):190–7.
Meng L, Fu B, Zhang T, Han Z, Yang M. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2014;36(3):345–50.
Verhave JC, Hillege HL, Burgerhof JG, Janssen WM, Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J Intern Med. 2004;256(4):324–30.
Jones-Burton C, Mishra SI, Fink JC, Brown J, Gossa W, Bakris GL, Weir MR. An in-depth review of the evidence linking dietary salt intake and progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2006;26(3):268–75.
Sanders PW. Salt intake, endothelial cell signaling, and progression of kidney disease. Hypertension. 2004;43(2):142–6.
Schneider MP, Raff U, Kopp C, Scheppach JB, Toncar S, Wanner C, Schlieper G, Saritas T, Floege J, Schmid M, et al. Skin sodium concentration correlates with left ventricular hypertrophy in ckd. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:1867–76.
Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, Moltchanov V, Tanskanen A, Pietinen P, Nissinen A. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: a prospective study. Lancet (London, England). 2001;357(9259):848–51.
WHO: Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children. 2012.
Smith-Spangler CM, Juusola JL, Enns EA, Owens DK, Garber AM. Population strategies to decrease sodium intake and the burden of cardiovascular disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Inter Med. 2010;152(8):481–7 W170-483.
Disease K. Improving global outcomes CKDWG: KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117–314.
Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, Campbell KL, Carrero JJ, Chan W, Fouque D, Friedman AN, Ghaddar S, Goldstein-Fuchs DJ, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(3 Suppl 1):S1–107.
Kutlugun AA, Arici M, Yildirim T, Turgut D, Yilmaz R, Altindal M, Altun B, Erdem Y, Yasavul U, Turgan C. Daily sodium intake in chronic kidney disease patients during nephrology clinic follow-up: an observational study with 24-hour urine sodium measurement. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118(4):c361-366.
WHO: Strategies to monitor and evaluate population sodium consumption and sources of sodium in the diet : report of a joint technical meeting convened by WHO and the Government of Canada. 2011.
John KA, Cogswell ME, Campbell NR, Nowson CA, Legetic B, Hennis AJ, Patel SM. Accuracy and usefulness of select methods for assessing complete collection of 24-hour urine: a systematic review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18(5):456–67.
Kawasaki T, Ueno M, Uezono K, Kawazoe N, Nakamuta S, Ueda K, Omae T. Average urinary excretion of sodium in 24 hours can be estimated from a spot-urine specimen. Jpn Circ J. 1982;46(9):948–53.
Tanaka T, Okamura T, Miura K, Kadowaki T, Ueshima H, Nakagawa H, Hashimoto T. A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16(2):97–103.
Kang SS, Kang EH, Kim SO, Lee MS, Hong CD, Kim SB. Use of mean spot urine sodium concentrations to estimate daily sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2012;28(3):256–61.
Rhee MY, Kim JH, Shin SJ, Gu N, Nah DY, Hong KS, Cho EJ, Sung KC. Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples. Nutrients. 2014;6(6):2360–75.
Doenyas-Barak K, Beberashvili I, Bar-Chaim A, Averbukh Z, Vogel O, Efrati S. Daily sodium and potassium excretion can be estimated by scheduled spot urine collections. Nephron. 2015;130(1):35–40.
Ji C, Sykes L, Paul C, Dary O, Legetic B, Campbell NR, Cappuccio FP. Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake. Revista panamericana de salud publica=Pan Am J Publ Health. 2012;32(4):307–15.
Cogswell ME, Mugavero K, Bowman BA, Frieden TR. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease risk-measurement matters. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):580–6.
Kawasaki T, Itoh K, Uezono K, Sasaki H. A simple method for estimating 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion from second morning voiding urine specimen in adults. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993;20(1):7–14.
Brown IJ, Dyer AR, Chan Q, Cogswell ME, Ueshima H, Stamler J, Elliott P. Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from casual urinary sodium concentrations in Western populations: the INTERSALT study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(11):1180–92.
Ogura M, Kimura A, Takane K, Nakao M, Hamaguchi A, Terawaki H, Hosoya T. Estimation of salt intake from spot urine samples in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13(1):36.
Imai E, Yasuda Y, Horio M, Shibata K, Kato S, Mizutani Y, Imai J, Hayashi M, Kamiya H, Oiso Y, et al. Validation of the equations for estimating daily sodium excretion from spot urine in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(6):861–7.
Dougher CE, Rifkin DE, Anderson CA, Smits G, Persky MS, Block GA, Ix JH. Spot urine sodium measurements do not accurately estimate dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):298–305.
Eckardt KU, Barthlein B, Baid-Agrawal S, Beck A, Busch M, Eitner F, Ekici AB, Floege J, Gefeller O, Haller H, et al. The German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study: design and methods. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2012;27(4):1454–60.
Criteria Committee NYHA: Inc. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Nomenclature and Criteria for diagnosis. 6th ed. Boston: Little Brown and Co.; 1964. p. 114.
Hypertension EETFftMoA. 2013 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): ESH/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31(10):1925–38.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet (London, England). 1995;346(8982):1085–7.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Applying the right statistics: analyses of measurement studies. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol. 2003;22(1):85–93.
Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49–61.
Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, Tighiouart H, Wang D, Sang Y, Crews DC, Doria A, Estrella MM, Froissart M, et al. New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(19):1737–49.
Titze S, Schmid M, Kottgen A, Busch M, Floege J, Wanner C, Kronenberg F, Eckardt KU. Disease burden and risk profile in referred patients with moderate chronic kidney disease: composition of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2015;30(3):441–51.
Mann SJ, Gerber LM. Estimation of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine samples. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12(3):174–80.
Han W, Sun N, Chen Y, Wang H, Xi Y, Ma Z. Validation of the Spot Urine in Evaluating 24-Hour Sodium Excretion in Chinese Hypertension Patients. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(11):1368–75.
Fukuda M, Munemura M, Usami T, Nakao N, Takeuchi O, Kamiya Y, Yoshida A, Kimura G. Nocturnal blood pressure is elevated with natriuresis and proteinuria as renal function deteriorates in nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2004;65(2):621–5.
Cogswell ME, Wang CY, Chen TC, Pfeiffer CM, Elliott P, Gillespie CD, Carriquiry AL, Sempos CT, Liu K, Perrine CG, et al. Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18–39 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:1502–13.
McLean R, Williams S, Mann J. Monitoring population sodium intake using spot urine samples: validation in a New Zealand population. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(11):657–62.
Whitton C, Gay GM, Lim RB, Tan LW, Lim WY, van Dam RM. Evaluation of Equations for Predicting 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion from Casual Urine Samples in Asian Adults. J Nutr. 2016;146(8):1609–15.
Polonia J, Lobo MF, Martins L, Pinto F, Nazare J. Estimation of populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion from spot urine samples: evaluation of four formulas in a large national representative population. J Hypertens. 2017;35(3):477–86.
Huang L, Crino M, Wu JH, Woodward M, Barzi F, Land MA, McLean R, Webster J, Enkhtungalag B, Neal B. Mean population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(1):239–50.
Iwahori T, Ueshima H, Torii S, Saito Y, Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Miura K. Four to seven random casual urine specimens are sufficient to estimate 24-h urinary sodium/potassium ratio in individuals with high blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(5):328–34.
Hu J, Wang Y, Song N, Zhang X, Teng J, Zou J, Ding X. Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in chronic kidney disease patients. J Renal Nutr. 2020;30(1):11–21.
De Vico RB, Baggio Nerbass F, Chaud Hallvass AE, Pecoits-Filho R, Cuppari L. Development and validation of equations to estimate 24-H urinary sodium excretion from urine samples of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephron. 2019;143(4):255–63.
Nerbass FB, Pecoits-Filho R, McIntyre NJ, McIntyre CW, Taal MW. Development of a formula for estimation of sodium intake from spot urine in people with chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2014;128(1–2):61–6.
Lerchl K, Rakova N, Dahlmann A, Rauh M, Goller U, Basner M, Dinges DF, Beck L, Agureev A, Larina I, et al. Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment. Hypertension. 2015;66(4):850–7.
Birukov A, Rakova N, Lerchl K, Olde Engberink RH, Johannes B, Wabel P, Moissl U, Rauh M, Luft FC, Titze J. Ultra-long-term human salt balance studies reveal interrelations between sodium, potassium, and chloride intake and excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(1):49–57.
Firsov D, Bonny O. Circadian regulation of renal function. Kidney Int. 2010;78(7):640–5.
Holbrook JT, Patterson KY, Bodner JE, Douglas LW, Veillon C, Kelsay JL, Mertz W, Smith JC Jr. Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(4):786–93.
Agarwal R. Relationship between circadian blood pressure variation and circadian protein excretion in CKD. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;293(3):F655-659.
Titze J, Maillet A, Lang R, Gunga HC, Johannes B, Gauquelin-Koch G, Kihm E, Larina I, Gharib C, Kirsch KA. Long-term sodium balance in humans in a terrestrial space station simulation study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40(3):508–16.
Titze J, Lang R, Ilies C, Schwind KH, Kirsch KA, Dietsch P, Luft FC, Hilgers KF. Osmotically inactive skin Na+ storage in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;285(6):F1108-1117.
Kopp C, Linz P, Dahlmann A, Hammon M, Jantsch J, Muller DN, Schmieder RE, Cavallaro A, Eckardt KU, Uder M, et al. 23Na magnetic resonance imaging-determined tissue sodium in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2013;61(3):635–40.
- The Renal Warrior Project. Join Now
- Source: https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-024-03639-2