Abeysekera DTDJ, Kaiyoom SAA, Dissanayake SU. Place of peritoneal dialysis in the management of renal failure patients admitted to General Hospital Kandy. In: Kandy Society of Medicine 18th Annual Academic Conference. 1996.
Ranasinghe AV, Kumara GWGP, Karunarathna RH, et al. The incidence, prevalence and trends of Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: an analysis of 30,566 patients. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20:338.
Jayatilake N, Mendis S, Maheepala P, Mehta FR. Chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology: prevalence and causative factors in a developing country. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:180.
Jayasumana C, Gunatilake S, Senanayake P. Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:2125–47.
Jayasumana C, Gajanayake R, Siribaddana S. Importance of arsenic and pesticides in epidemic chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:124.
Chandrajith R, Nanayakkara S, Itai K, et al. Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: geographic distribution and environmental implications. Environ Geochem Health. 2011;33:267–78.
Wanigasuriya KP, Peiris-John RJ, Wickremasinghe R. Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lanka: is cadmium a likely cause? BMC Nephrol. 2011;12:32.
Herath C, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS, De Silva PHC, Siribaddana S, De Broe ME. Kidney diseases in agricultural communities: A case against heat-stress nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep. 2018;3:271–80.
Manage PM. Cyanotoxins: A hidden cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka – A review. Sri Lanka J Aquat Sci. 2019;24(1):1–10.
Ranasinghe HRALN, Lokuge LDMN, Edirisinghe JC, Bandara L. Water treatment, preventive measures and the chronic kidney disease in the farming community in Sri Lanka. J Agric Sci-Sri Lanka. 2015;10:98–108.
De Silva MWA. Drinking water and CKD of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: A community perspective. Ann Nutr Metab. 2020;76(suppl 1):37–42.
Imbulana S, Oguma K, Takizawa S. Evaluation of groundwater quality and reverse osmosis water treatment plants in the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Sci Total Environ. 2020;745:140716.
Cooray T, Wei Y, Zhong H, Zheng L, Weragoda SK, Weerasooriya R. Assessment of groundwater quality in CKDu affected areas of Sri Lanka: implications for drinking water treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(10):1698.
Wimalawansa SJ. Effect of water hardness on non-communicable diseases, including chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin (CKDmfo/CKDuo). J Environ Health Sci. 2016;2(1):1–11.
Imbulana S, Oguma K, Yakizawa S. Evaluation of ground water quality and reverse osmosis water treatment plants in the endemic areas of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Sci Total Environ. 2020;745:140716.
Horbulyk T, Kafle K, Balasubramanya S. Community response to the provision of alternative water supplies: A focus on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in rural Sri Lanka. Water International. 2021;46(1):37–58.
De Silva MWA. Drinking water and chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Anuradhapura. Sri Lanka Anthropology & Medicine. 2019;26(3):311–27.
Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2005;67:2089–100.
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang Y, Castro A III. New equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.
World Health Organization. Expert Consultation on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology. 2016.
Palihawadana P, Hewage R, Maathu S, et al. Screening Guidelines, Chronic Kidney Disease of Sri Lanka 2017. 2nd ed. Colombo: Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health; 2017.
Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka 2011. Colombo: Department of Census and Statistics. 2012.
Ruwanpathirana T, Senanayake S, Gunawardana N, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for impaired kidney function in the district of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional population-representative survey in those at risk of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:763.
Rannan-Eliya RP, Wijemunige N, Perera P, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Sri Lanka: a new global hotspot–estimates from the Sri Lanka Health and Ageing Survey 2018/2019. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2023;11:e003160.
Senanayake S, Ruwanpathirana T, Gunawardena N. Hypertension in a rural community in Sri Lanka: prevalence, associated factors and its effect on the renal profile. J Hypertens. 2019;37(9):1805–12.
Athuraliya TN, Abeysekera DT, Amerasinghe PH, Kumarasiri PV, Dissanayake V. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in two tertiary care hospitals: high proportion of cases with uncertain aetiology. Ceylon Med J. 2009;54(1):23–5.
Bu LK, Jia PP, Li WG, Li YZ, Li TY, Pei DS. Probiotics mitigate kidney damage after exposure to Sri Lanka’s local groundwater from chronic kidney disease with uncertain etiology (CKDu) prevalent area in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol. 2023;262:106671.
Athuraliya NT, Abeysekera TD, Amerasinghe PH, et al. Uncertain etiologies of proteinuric-chronic kidney disease in rural Sri Lanka. Kidney Int. 2011;80(11):1212–21.
Nanayakkara S, Komiya T, Ratnatunga N, et al. Tubulointerstitial damage as the major pathological lesion in endemic chronic kidney disease among farmers in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Environ Health Prev Med. 2012;17:213–21.
Nanayakkara S, Senevirathna ST, Karunaratne U, et al. Evidence of tubular damage in the very early stage of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2012;17:109–17.
Glaser J, Lemery J, Rajagopalan B, et al. Climate change and the emergent epidemic of CKD from heat stress in rural communities: the case for heat stress nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:1472–83.
Roncal-Jimenez C, Lanaspa MA, Jensen T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ. Mechanisms by which dehydration may lead to chronic kidney disease. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(suppl 3):10–3.
Ramirez-Rubio O, McClean MD, Amador JJ, Brooks DR. An epidemic of chronic kidney disease in Central America: an overview. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:1–3.
Abraham G, Agarwal SK, Gowrishankar S, Vijayan M. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: hotspots in India and other Asian countries. Nephrol. 2019;39(3):272–7.
Madero M, Aguilar D, Rana A, Escobar A, Villa A, Obrador G. Decreased kidney function among rural population in Tierra Blanca Mexico: a cross-sectional study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:529.
El Minshawy O. End-stage renal disease in the El-Minia Governorate, upper Egypt: an epidemiological study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011;22(5):1048–54.
Hassen W, Abid S, Achours A, Maaroufi K, Creppy EE, Bacha H. Ochratoxin A and human nephropathy in Tunisia: a ten years survey Annales de Toxicology. Analitique. 2003;15(1):21–9.
Pearce N, Caplin B. Let’s take the heat out of the CKDu debate: more evidence is needed. Occup Environ Med. 2019;76(6):357–9.
Wesseling C, Glaser J, Rodríguez-Guzmán J, et al. Chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin in Mesoamerica: a disease primarily driven by occupational heat stress. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e15.
John O, Gummudi B, Jha A, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in India: What Do We Know and Where We Need to Go. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(11):2743–51.
Campese VM. The unresolved epidemic of chronic kidney disease of uncertain origin (CKDu) around the world: a review and new insights. Clinical Nephrology. 2021;95(2):65.
- The Renal Warrior Project. Join Now
- Source: https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-024-03534-w